Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that begins in the plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, leading to damage in the bones, immune system, kidneys, and red blood cell count. Early detection and treatment are key in managing the disease and improving quality of life for affected individuals.

What Is Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a cancer that originates in plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies to help fight infection. In myeloma, these plasma cells become cancerous, multiplying uncontrollably and leading to the production of abnormal proteins that can cause damage to bones, kidneys, and other organs. Although the exact cause is unknown, genetic factors, age, and family history can increase the risk of developing multiple myeloma.

Common Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma symptoms can vary from person to person, and some individuals may not experience symptoms until the disease is more advanced. However, the following are the most common signs of the disease:

1. Bone Pain and Fractures

One of the hallmark symptoms of multiple myeloma is bone pain, particularly in the back, ribs, or hips. This occurs when the abnormal plasma cells damage the bones, leading to bone weakness and increased risk of fractures. Bone pain may be persistent or come and go, and fractures can occur even with minimal trauma.

  • Why it happens: Myeloma cells produce substances that weaken bones, leading to pain, fractures, and osteopenia.

2. Fatigue and Weakness

People with multiple myeloma often experience persistent fatigue and general weakness. This is usually caused by anemia (low red blood cell count), which occurs when the plasma cells crowd out normal blood cells in the bone marrow.

  • Why it happens: The bone marrow becomes overwhelmed by myeloma cells, reducing the production of healthy blood cells, leading to fatigue.

3. Frequent Infections

Multiple myeloma can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections. This is because myeloma cells disrupt normal antibody production, impairing the body’s ability to fight off bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

  • Why it happens: The abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow interfere with the production of functional antibodies, reducing immune function.

4. Kidney Problems

Kidney dysfunction is common in individuals with multiple myeloma. The abnormal proteins produced by the myeloma cells can accumulate in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage and, in severe cases, kidney failure.

  • Why it happens: The buildup of monoclonal proteins (also known as light chains) can clog the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste effectively.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss

Many individuals with multiple myeloma experience unexplained weight loss. This can be due to the increased metabolic demands of the disease, as well as a decreased appetite.

  • Why it happens: Myeloma cells produce substances that affect metabolism, leading to unintentional weight loss and reduced appetite.

6. Nausea and Constipation

Nausea, constipation, and other gastrointestinal issues can be common symptoms, particularly when kidney function is impaired or when high calcium levels (a common complication of multiple myeloma) are present.

  • Why it happens: Kidney dysfunction, high calcium levels, or the effects of treatments can cause nausea, constipation, and other digestive symptoms.

7. High Calcium Levels (Hypercalcemia)

Multiple myeloma can cause an increase in calcium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. Symptoms of hypercalcemia include nausea, vomiting, confusion, constipation, and excessive thirst.

  • Why it happens: The destruction of bones releases excess calcium into the bloodstream, leading to hypercalcemia.

8. Loss of Appetite

Due to a combination of fatigue, nausea, and gastrointestinal issues, people with multiple myeloma may lose their appetite. This can lead to weight loss and malnutrition if not addressed.

  • Why it happens: Various factors, such as nausea, pain, and the physical toll of the disease, can contribute to a loss of appetite.

Treatments for Multiple Myeloma

While multiple myeloma is not currently curable, several treatment options can help manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life. The specific treatment plan depends on the individual’s overall health, the extent of the disease, and the presence of any complications.

1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy drugs are used to kill or slow the growth of myeloma cells. These drugs may be taken orally or administered intravenously. Chemotherapy is often used in combination with other treatments to achieve the best results.

  • How it works: Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, such as cancerous plasma cells, and helps reduce tumor size and the overall burden of the disease.

2. Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs are designed to target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. For multiple myeloma, drugs that target myeloma-specific proteins or pathways are often used to limit the growth of the cancer.

  • How it works: Targeted therapies work by blocking the signals that allow cancer cells to grow and divide, minimizing damage to normal cells.

3. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. In multiple myeloma, immune checkpoint inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies are used to enhance the body’s immune response against the myeloma cells.

  • How it works: Monoclonal antibodies target specific proteins on myeloma cells, marking them for destruction by the immune system.

4. Stem Cell Transplant

In some cases, a stem cell transplant may be recommended. This involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells from the patient or a donor. This treatment is usually reserved for younger patients or those with more aggressive forms of myeloma.

  • How it works: Stem cell transplantation aims to restore healthy bone marrow function and improve the body’s ability to produce normal blood cells.

5. Bisphosphonates

Bisphosphonates are drugs used to help strengthen bones and reduce bone pain associated with multiple myeloma. These medications are often prescribed to manage bone-related symptoms and prevent fractures.

  • How it works: Bisphosphonates reduce bone resorption and strengthen the bone tissue, helping to prevent bone damage caused by myeloma.

Conclusion

Multiple myeloma is a complex and challenging disease, but with early detection and the right treatments, it is possible to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned in this article or have concerns about your health, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan. By understanding the signs of multiple myeloma and seeking timely care, you can take steps to manage the disease effectively and enhance your overall well-being.